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GEOMETRICAL OPTICS




Light

  • What is light
  • laws of reflection
  • Laws of Refraction
  • Dual nature of Light - 
  • particle nature of Light
  • wave nature nature of Light
  • speed of Light, 
  • wave length of Light 
  • frequency of light.
  • Fermats’ principle
  • laws of reflection
  • Laws of Refraction refraction at a plane surface using Fermats’ principle.




Refraction  of Light

  • Snell's law
  • refractive indices
  • relative and absolute refractive indices
  • total internal reflection
  • Critical angle 
  • refraction by plane parallel slab of glass
  • molecular basis of reflectively
  • Geometrical path length of ray
  • optical path length of ray
  • Concept of wave fronts & rays
  • concept of vergence
  • concept ofdivergence
  • concept ofconvergence



Spherical Surfaces 


  • Refraction by spherical surfaces
  • Refraction by convex surface  
  • Refraction by concave surface 
  • Derivation of vergence equation
  • focal points
  • dioptric power power 
  • image point
  • lateral & axial magnification
  • simple numerical




Lenses 

  • Thin Lens
  • Types of lenses
  • derivation of lens makers’ formula
  • thin lens vergence equation, 
  • equivalent focal length of two thin lenses separated by a distance & placed in contact
  • lateral magnification of thin lenses in contact
  • simple numerical
  • concept of reduced systems
  • Thick Lens- Cardinal points & planes
  • front & back vertex power
  • matrix theory in paraxial Optics to locate positions of cardinal planes
  • Different types of aberrations & their effects



Prisms

  • Prism
  • Dispersion of prism
  • reflecting prisms
  • prism diopters
  • Geometrical theory of optical fibers
  • Uses of optical fibers

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Interference in Wedge Shaped Film (Reflected Rays)

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Lloyd's’ mirror experiment

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Thin-Lens Equation:Newtonian Form

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